> Complete documentation index: [llms.txt](/llms.txt). Markdown versions of all pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs.

# Protocols and Interfaces

> Which protocols the Binho Supernova, Pulsar and Nova support (I3C, I2C, SMBus, SPI, UART, RS-485, CAN-FD), with speeds, voltages and roles.

Which Binho adapter speaks which protocol, and where to read more.

| Protocol | Supernova | Pulsar | Nova | About the protocol |
| -------- | --------- | ------ | ---- | ------------------ |
| I3C      | Controller and target, SDR and HDR-DDR, up to 12.5 MHz, 0.8–3.3 V | No | No | [I3C](https://binho.io/test-measurement/protocols/i3c/) |
| I2C      | Controller and target, up to 1 MHz, 1.2–3.3 V | Controller and target, up to 1 MHz, two buses, 1.2–3.3 V | Controller, up to 3.4 MHz, 3.3 V | [I2C](https://binho.io/test-measurement/protocols/i2c/) |
| SMBus    | Legacy I2C with clock stretching on the I3C HV port (firmware 4.6.0 and later) | No | No |  |
| SPI      | Controller up to 37.5 MHz, target up to 16 MHz, 4 chip selects | Controller up to 50 MHz, target up to 16 MHz, 4 chip selects | Controller, up to 12 MHz | [SPI](https://binho.io/test-measurement/protocols/spi/) |
| UART     | Up to 2 Mbaud, hardware flow control | Up to 2 Mbaud, hardware flow control | Up to 1 Mbaud | [UART](https://binho.io/test-measurement/protocols/uart/) |
| RS-485   | No | Half duplex | No | [RS-485](https://binho.io/test-measurement/protocols/rs-485/) |
| CAN-FD   | No | Up to 5 Mbps data rate | No | [CAN](https://binho.io/test-measurement/protocols/can/) |
| 1-Wire   | No | Nova compatibility mode, firmware 4.4.0 and later | Yes | [1-Wire](https://binho.io/test-measurement/protocols/1-wire/) |
| GPIO     | 6 pins (GPIO1–GPIO6) | 6 pins (GPIO1–GPIO6) | 5 pins, shared with the buses |  |

Sources: binho.io product pages and the Supernova (rev 1.6) and Pulsar (rev 1.3) datasheets. Speeds are rated maximums; for how each adapter rounds a requested clock, see the [Supernova](/hardware/supernova/) and [Pulsar](/hardware/pulsar/) user guides.

## Reference on This Site

* [I3C Common Command Codes](/guides/i3c/common-command-codes/): the CCCs the Supernova supports.
* [Bridge 1.1 API](/software/legacy/bridge-11-api/): the JSON interface of the Mission Control 2 bridge (legacy).

## API Reference

* **Python:** [PyCosmicSDK guides](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/) for [I2C](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/guides/i2c.html), [I3C](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/guides/i3c.html), [SPI](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/guides/spi.html), [UART](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/guides/uart.html), [GPIO](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/guides/gpio.html), [large transfers](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/guides/bulk.html) and [target mode](https://binhollc.github.io/pycosmicsdk/guides/target-mode.html).
* **C, C++, C#, Java:** [CosmicSDK documentation](https://binhollc.github.io/CosmicSDK/).
* **Nova:** [Nova SDK](/software/legacy/nova-sdk/).

## Worked Examples on binho.io

| Example | Protocol | Adapter | Application note |
| ------- | -------- | ------- | ---------------- |
| [Flashing STM32 firmware over I3C](https://binho.io/blog/flashing-stm32-firmware-over-i3c-using-binho-supernova/) | I3C | Supernova | [AN0001 (PDF)](https://cdn.binho.io/application-notes/AN0001/AN0001.pdf) |
| [Programming STM32 firmware over I2C](https://binho.io/blog/programming-stm32-firmware-over-i2c-using-binho-pulsar/) | I2C | Pulsar | [AN0002 (PDF)](https://cdn.binho.io/application-notes/AN0002/AN0002.pdf) |
| [Programming STM32 firmware over SPI](https://binho.io/blog/programming-stm32-firmware-over-spi-using-binho-pulsar/) | SPI | Pulsar | [AN0003 (PDF)](https://cdn.binho.io/application-notes/AN0003/AN0003.pdf) |
| [I3C HDR-DDR on the ams OSRAM TMF8829](https://binho.io/blog/exploring-i3c-hdr-ddr-on-the-ams-osram-tmf8829/) | I3C HDR-DDR | Supernova | [AN0007 (PDF)](https://cdn.binho.io/application-notes/AN0007/AN0007.pdf) |
| [I3C on STMicroelectronics MEMS sensors](https://binho.io/blog/exploring-the-i3c-interface-on-stmicroelectronics-mems-sensors/) | I3C, IBI | Supernova | [AN0005 (PDF)](https://cdn.binho.io/application-notes/AN0005/AN0005.pdf) |
| [I3C on Bosch Sensortec MEMS sensors](https://binho.io/blog/exploring-the-i3c-interface-on-bosch-sensortec-mems-sensors/) | I3C, IBI | Supernova | [AN0004 (PDF)](https://cdn.binho.io/application-notes/AN0004/AN0004.pdf) |
| [I3C on TDK InvenSense MEMS sensors](https://binho.io/blog/exploring-the-i3c-interface-on-tdk-invensense-mems-sensors/) | I3C HDR-DDR | Supernova | [AN0006 (PDF)](https://cdn.binho.io/application-notes/AN0006/AN0006.pdf) |

For application overviews, see binho.io: [USB to I2C](https://binho.io/test-measurement/solutions/usb-i2c-adapter/), [USB to I3C](https://binho.io/test-measurement/solutions/usb-i3c-adapter/), [USB to SPI](https://binho.io/test-measurement/solutions/usb-spi-adapter/), [DDR5 SPD over I3C](https://binho.io/test-measurement/solutions/ddr5-spd-i3c/), [MCTP over I3C](https://binho.io/test-measurement/solutions/mctp-over-i3c/), [NVMe-MI over I3C](https://binho.io/test-measurement/solutions/nvme-mi-over-i3c/).